About
history of the PLA rank
before the founding of the PRC, the PLA has proposed the implementation of the two rank system, but due to time constraints of the environment, none of the two developed system of military ranks can be implemented.
after the founding, in order to strengthen our military standardization and modernization, the implementation of the system's problem is to re-rank high on the agenda. The winter of 1952, proceeded to the rank of system problems. November 26, 1952, the Ministry of the total cadres to Chairman Mao Zedong and the Central Military Commission of the reports on the preparations for the implementation of the rank system problems, formulate a preliminary plan. Formally introduced in 1955, military rank system. The rank level set in the traditional Chinese hierarchy based on rank, with reference to the former Soviet Union, North Korea and other countries and set the rank of the system.
first officers and other ranks for 4 level 14, the People's Republic generalissimo, People's Republic of Marshal (Marshal actually not granted); generals, General, Lieutenant General, Major General; Colonel, colonel, lieutenant colonel, major; captain, captain, lieutenant, second lieutenant, and then increase the Warrant Officer level. 4 officers and other ranks for a total of 15. September 27, 1955, twenty-second session of the NPC Standing Committee adopted a resolution granting the rank of Marshal of the PRC.
1965 年 5 22, the ninth meeting of the Third National People's Congress adopted a .
1984 年 5 of 31 January the Sixth National People's Congress adopted the second meeting of the June 1985, held an enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission, July 1, 1988, the second meeting of the Seventh National People's Congress passed the Soldiers rank system at the same time legislation.
the rank of the new system announced no marshal, general, captain and warrant officer, and to the highest level will rank. With 3 other officers of the rank of 11, that a General, General, Lieutenant General, Major General; senior colonel, colonel, lieutenant colonel, major; captain, lieutenant and second lieutenant. Navy, Air Force officers were in the front rank as a Professional and technical officers, in the front rank as a CMC leader Deng Xiaoping, Yang Shangkun offered themselves from the ranks, therefore, one will be vacant.
1993 年 10 月 1, the soldiers are divided into ranks by rating: non-commissioned officers are divided into: a professional non-commissioned officer. Two professional non-commissioned officer, three professional NCOs, four professional Sgt. Sergeant divided into: a Master Sergeant, Master Sergeant II, III Sergeant, four Master Sergeant. Sergeant divided; Sergeant, Sergeant, Corporal; soldiers into; corporal, Pvt.
1994 年 5 12, the Eighth NPC Standing Committee adopted the seventh meeting on revising the The revised regulations rank with 3 other 10, the General, Lieutenant General, Major General; senior colonel, colonel, lieutenant colonel, major; captain, lieutenant and second lieutenant.
1995 年 9 on 10, the Eighth NPC Standing Committee passed the senior colonel, colonel, lieutenant colonel, major; captain, lieutenant and second lieutenant.
1999 abolition of a professional sergeant, sergeant, sergeant rank to a non-commissioned officers, two non-commissioned officers, three noncommissioned officers, four non-commissioned officers, five non-commissioned officers, six noncommissioned officers.
Sunday, May 29, 2011
Thursday, May 26, 2011
Wednesday, May 25, 2011
Another year reunion dinner
Please God, worship , prayer days , thanks to , Bai Zuxian , but also a year of New Year's Eve , another year reunion dinner .
had a very ordinary life one night , because they had been given a New Year 's content, but it is particularly grave.
firecrackers ten meters long , it is to force ah ^_^
The process was very discharge spent a lot of brains , but also to enjoy the thunder and lightning that caused long-lasting fever of feeling.
dies lapse of years, would also be conducted as the long fireworks , a dazzling burst of sparks .
busy parents looking for a dinner , enjoying the family to sit and chat in the warm group feeling
Once again, I clearly feel the significance of his efforts
tomorrow is a new sun
tomorrow , but also a new beginning
tomorrow, I still was the tireless little fool
tomorrow, I still do not know or that retreat Lengtou Qing
the new year , there are many things for me, there are many Kaner need to cross
the new year , with each day 's efforts, to pay each time , patience and perseverance with sincerity , to write a brand new year!
had a very ordinary life one night , because they had been given a New Year 's content, but it is particularly grave.
firecrackers ten meters long , it is to force ah ^_^
The process was very discharge spent a lot of brains , but also to enjoy the thunder and lightning that caused long-lasting fever of feeling.
dies lapse of years, would also be conducted as the long fireworks , a dazzling burst of sparks .
busy parents looking for a dinner , enjoying the family to sit and chat in the warm group feeling
Once again, I clearly feel the significance of his efforts
tomorrow is a new sun
tomorrow , but also a new beginning
tomorrow, I still was the tireless little fool
tomorrow, I still do not know or that retreat Lengtou Qing
the new year , there are many things for me, there are many Kaner need to cross
the new year , with each day 's efforts, to pay each time , patience and perseverance with sincerity , to write a brand new year!
Monday, May 23, 2011
This is the truth
alumni rescue drowned on the fact ... ...
This is reproduced from students at the scene of a message, I can not help but burst into tears ... ...
two o'clock in the afternoon, in the Shashi District, Jingzhou City, two twelve year-old man drowned river, when a dozen freshmen see the potential to form a human ladder into the water to save people, which there can not swim and female students, when the second child to save ashore quickly, due to exhaustion and the undercurrent of a ladder with scattered, nine students involved, and suddenly a cry to save, just run into a few winter swimming team Sixty-year-old rescued to six students, three other college students drowning, near drowning, there are two fish in the boat, the ship but no one there to save people, the fire brigade was the first to the scene, but said do not have diving suits, and other rescue equipment to fishing in the river for a while (news footage) to go back to the land, by several students stop crying next to re-water fishing to the river bank waiting to see who is not the meaning of the Marine Board The boat went under the left, leading the school to the scene two hours later, and the two just mentioned, the owner of fishing vessels to discuss the cost of fishing a body of twelve thousand corpses all the boat owners and people get started into the water fishing, when the body picked up the first time, the audience crying one, then picked up the location of the body less than three meters away from the boat, then as long as the people on board rescued the slurry can be lost in the past, I looked at my heart a pain in the side , while the body up doctor also get to save the illusion of oxygen, (news footage) then all three came from the hours of the incident, when students picked up a second body, the vessel's owner to stop actions that twenty-four thousand money is not in place, refused to search for the bodies, next to the sound of a condemnation. kneel before the last teachers to eleven thousand dead bodies all transactions, to six in the third before both salvaged body, up to now, the rescued two kids are playing missing and can not find the person, and these news Maritime Bureau said it was fire and search for the bodies up, and when you read all I said you might not believe, but a closer look at news footage you can see five or six fire walk in diving, the Marine Bureau of the film are not seen, the state support they are doing, search for the bodies is their own responsibility, but the go-vern-ment no one came out to do, I guarantee I say personality are true, too chilling, and I really read on go-vern-ment, parents and children fishing boss.
they had not died, then there is fishing boat sideways, knees crying and ask those students go on to save fishermen, several fishermen indifferent , is said to often drowning death where there is a local salvage team recovered a body of 12,000, is generally neglecting it! That is getting money ah!
silence, only silence.
If you see this article, please reprint
we are all grown up to help students, and the text may be had at the expense of the three heroes and my classmates and I now pass
They never left the
but can not close their eyes without any media
these facts help us to rely on our power to spread the students grew up we just want more people
But we know the power of truth
too weak if you reproduced the
, I might not give you any money or material grateful Q
we will not curse people will not reproduce how how This is what we all want to see
but when you reprint, our students will grow up in every thank you!
Please,
This is reproduced from students at the scene of a message, I can not help but burst into tears ... ...
two o'clock in the afternoon, in the Shashi District, Jingzhou City, two twelve year-old man drowned river, when a dozen freshmen see the potential to form a human ladder into the water to save people, which there can not swim and female students, when the second child to save ashore quickly, due to exhaustion and the undercurrent of a ladder with scattered, nine students involved, and suddenly a cry to save, just run into a few winter swimming team Sixty-year-old rescued to six students, three other college students drowning, near drowning, there are two fish in the boat, the ship but no one there to save people, the fire brigade was the first to the scene, but said do not have diving suits, and other rescue equipment to fishing in the river for a while (news footage) to go back to the land, by several students stop crying next to re-water fishing to the river bank waiting to see who is not the meaning of the Marine Board The boat went under the left, leading the school to the scene two hours later, and the two just mentioned, the owner of fishing vessels to discuss the cost of fishing a body of twelve thousand corpses all the boat owners and people get started into the water fishing, when the body picked up the first time, the audience crying one, then picked up the location of the body less than three meters away from the boat, then as long as the people on board rescued the slurry can be lost in the past, I looked at my heart a pain in the side , while the body up doctor also get to save the illusion of oxygen, (news footage) then all three came from the hours of the incident, when students picked up a second body, the vessel's owner to stop actions that twenty-four thousand money is not in place, refused to search for the bodies, next to the sound of a condemnation. kneel before the last teachers to eleven thousand dead bodies all transactions, to six in the third before both salvaged body, up to now, the rescued two kids are playing missing and can not find the person, and these news Maritime Bureau said it was fire and search for the bodies up, and when you read all I said you might not believe, but a closer look at news footage you can see five or six fire walk in diving, the Marine Bureau of the film are not seen, the state support they are doing, search for the bodies is their own responsibility, but the go-vern-ment no one came out to do, I guarantee I say personality are true, too chilling, and I really read on go-vern-ment, parents and children fishing boss.
they had not died, then there is fishing boat sideways, knees crying and ask those students go on to save fishermen, several fishermen indifferent , is said to often drowning death where there is a local salvage team recovered a body of 12,000, is generally neglecting it! That is getting money ah!
silence, only silence.
If you see this article, please reprint
we are all grown up to help students, and the text may be had at the expense of the three heroes and my classmates and I now pass
They never left the
but can not close their eyes without any media
these facts help us to rely on our power to spread the students grew up we just want more people
But we know the power of truth
too weak if you reproduced the
, I might not give you any money or material grateful Q
we will not curse people will not reproduce how how This is what we all want to see
but when you reprint, our students will grow up in every thank you!
Please,
Minor brother , super can be , cool!
Acridine minor brother ! , Super can be , cool !
awesomeness ,,,,
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awesomeness ,,,,
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Sunday, May 15, 2011
To love and to be love is the greatest happiness of existence
Each girl has their own guardian angel , he is your past life lover. Life come to you , shelter you with angel wings , with endless is really to protect you. So, when you want to ask why not to love ? That is your guardian angel in carefully selected for you , he wants to know the world was more than he loves you, will release a pair of wings for your shelter , let you in from the happiness he gave to a more sweet Happiness.
Do not a lover, what we do
People live this life, would have met many people, in reality, there are non-reality. But often only a few special people, and you will forget the difficult life. In just a few people, he (she) may be your lover, your confidant, your friend most of iron most difficult to let go ... ... is probably the most painful yet been made to make you pull your soul man dreams around it.
This person may be you inadvertently encounters, you do not deliberately prepared in time, perhaps because of a very special name, a very good chess go, Hu a high number of fan mahjong. Since then, QQ, with their name, chat records the number of pages is also fast growing. With each other's phone later, and then later ... ...
him and she is such a simple meet together. He taste of her kindness and wit, her appreciation of his outstanding and tenacious.
Now, she can listen to the story of the man he was. Sad sad time in his will with her warm hands gently hold his tearful face told him that a man should be strong, in his setbacks heart will fall apart in my arms told him his life there will be the bright side. When he was jumping in joy like a child, she would accompany him happy. Of course, she also needs his strong shoulders, broad big hands. She would also like to hear from his gossip exhort, warm comfort, always worried about. Even how far apart, even if it's just not that practical significance of the language, it is not important. Also at this time, all this had already become a kind of spiritual understanding, not to say a word. They looked at the same time, the midnight sky, and looking at the bright moon and think of each other, think of each other to bring their own happiness, think of each other's sincerity and dedication, I think of sitting in a rocking chair on the happiness of growing old together ... ...
But the reality is cruel sometimes. Such feelings are not bound to the two curves intersect, can only be a superior alternative between love and friendship feelings. When love come to this step, when the fantasy has all the suffering will become a kind of Acacia, love and reality in the intellectual struggle between the non-stop. Every day will be a day of difficult choices.
He tried to forget her, she no longer to bear the heavy emotional torment, but also give yourself a free space. She faced the sea, would like to ask the sea to go to the answer, but also try to dissolve their dull marriage. But they still can not escape the harsh reality of torture.
Finally, when two people are exhausted, the final choice is up.
quietly adjusting each other's feelings, be careful to ask each other, do not love what we do?
He said: He said:
He said:
He said: I can not resist and my other half when one sleeps with do not want you.
together for a lifetime of happiness with each other, with each other and remembered that, in pain, hatred away from each other's sight, always looking for less than the other, may be one of the best relief.
She was stunned, he cry. can not imagine the last to give the other party turned out to be such an outcome. but they understand that only so choose, we can retain the other's share of goodness and purity, it will not hurt more people.
Since then, they disappeared without mutual blessing, so quietly disappeared into the vast sea of faces.
two weak shoulders to withstand the alternative of love.
love life so unbearable Heavy!
This person may be you inadvertently encounters, you do not deliberately prepared in time, perhaps because of a very special name, a very good chess go, Hu a high number of fan mahjong. Since then, QQ, with their name, chat records the number of pages is also fast growing. With each other's phone later, and then later ... ...
him and she is such a simple meet together. He taste of her kindness and wit, her appreciation of his outstanding and tenacious.
Now, she can listen to the story of the man he was. Sad sad time in his will with her warm hands gently hold his tearful face told him that a man should be strong, in his setbacks heart will fall apart in my arms told him his life there will be the bright side. When he was jumping in joy like a child, she would accompany him happy. Of course, she also needs his strong shoulders, broad big hands. She would also like to hear from his gossip exhort, warm comfort, always worried about. Even how far apart, even if it's just not that practical significance of the language, it is not important. Also at this time, all this had already become a kind of spiritual understanding, not to say a word. They looked at the same time, the midnight sky, and looking at the bright moon and think of each other, think of each other to bring their own happiness, think of each other's sincerity and dedication, I think of sitting in a rocking chair on the happiness of growing old together ... ...
But the reality is cruel sometimes. Such feelings are not bound to the two curves intersect, can only be a superior alternative between love and friendship feelings. When love come to this step, when the fantasy has all the suffering will become a kind of Acacia, love and reality in the intellectual struggle between the non-stop. Every day will be a day of difficult choices.
He tried to forget her, she no longer to bear the heavy emotional torment, but also give yourself a free space. She faced the sea, would like to ask the sea to go to the answer, but also try to dissolve their dull marriage. But they still can not escape the harsh reality of torture.
Finally, when two people are exhausted, the final choice is up.
quietly adjusting each other's feelings, be careful to ask each other, do not love what we do?
He said: He said:
He said:
He said: I can not resist and my other half when one sleeps with do not want you.
together for a lifetime of happiness with each other, with each other and remembered that, in pain, hatred away from each other's sight, always looking for less than the other, may be one of the best relief.
She was stunned, he cry. can not imagine the last to give the other party turned out to be such an outcome. but they understand that only so choose, we can retain the other's share of goodness and purity, it will not hurt more people.
Since then, they disappeared without mutual blessing, so quietly disappeared into the vast sea of faces.
two weak shoulders to withstand the alternative of love.
love life so unbearable Heavy!
Tuesday, May 10, 2011
Life of one of the most important day
; 2010 2 ; 22
2010年2 22, I climbed the ladder of new life , my mother made `` `` ``````````
as in her dream and embark on the operating table at the right time really to fear , no sense of a mother 's joy , just fill our minds thinking about how my doctors surgery, lying Surgical bed , the doctor pulled into the operating room , that sense of panic , their helpless tears , playing the local anesthetic after the doctors started working , when I suddenly heard the faint heavy wah-wah cries , ha ha to the surgery the doctor When the edge has to do with the baby in a mouthful of water and cried hand I feel kind of speechless , suddenly I had difficulty breathing , the doctor turned the baby from the belly lire , in a few minutes After the baby appeared in my eyes , my God , I really do not feel that the nurse a baby boy in her arms , small penis Alice Lao Gao , ha ha ha ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Oh my son ! Can not say excited, I did my mother , and this is my life with the new transfer station , good to hurt him love him, my baby , a model husband and I , together with his life to care for our well-being warm, The envy of the home.
2010年2 22, I climbed the ladder of new life , my mother made `` `` ``````````
as in her dream and embark on the operating table at the right time really to fear , no sense of a mother 's joy , just fill our minds thinking about how my doctors surgery, lying Surgical bed , the doctor pulled into the operating room , that sense of panic , their helpless tears , playing the local anesthetic after the doctors started working , when I suddenly heard the faint heavy wah-wah cries , ha ha to the surgery the doctor When the edge has to do with the baby in a mouthful of water and cried hand I feel kind of speechless , suddenly I had difficulty breathing , the doctor turned the baby from the belly lire , in a few minutes After the baby appeared in my eyes , my God , I really do not feel that the nurse a baby boy in her arms , small penis Alice Lao Gao , ha ha ha ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Oh my son ! Can not say excited, I did my mother , and this is my life with the new transfer station , good to hurt him love him, my baby , a model husband and I , together with his life to care for our well-being warm, The envy of the home.
Sunday, May 8, 2011
Football and personality
A group of people from different places come together because of football, because football and established a deep friendship, the same is because they have found a happy football. After all, they all have a common characteristic, is the love of the game!!
Luckily, I was one of them.
blink of an eye, the years passed, Wong added that piece of grass (rain can call ponds) and how much football left to fight and we are excited heroic, but also It is this court, brought us how many sleepless nights after the game. because of football, we have established a friendship, but also because of football, give us the opportunity to understand others.
each person has his style of play, features, and the court style of play is a true portrayal of his personality: Zhong Bo, technology amazing realistic fake, with that measure He also looks handsome with young women often have captivated fans; birds Jie, fast, Chung Kai's Ryan Giggs, shooting skill unmatched the world, close the mouths fatal. peacetime he spoke never clear-cut, and his curse technology Shooting less the same, point to close the mouths vital, and must unflinchingly; Assen, dribbling effort well, play ball master ZHONGKAI nobody can match, but excruciatingly slow, the game likes to trample on the ball for contemplation, when he wants the ball is also a good time disappeared. life, he often hesitated, both big and small bad and the good, the total can not decide, go a long way to where I go where the people, the people Xingsha I the means to follow Xingsha. Wei Bin, game poorly, usually when playing strong, weak competition, every game is always tight, causing play to disorder, the person usually lives may be low-key, deliberately concealed strength, not somewhere, The real reason to know. A Church, also known as the king of step Q, by definition, has a habit of riding a Q syndrome, and his step to consummate Q technology has been the point, the most painful , he's riding with the unpredictable nature of Q, no one can predict when he will step Q when his opponent a beautiful assists. Usually he is very casual life style, pulling messy messy, is a typical do not care who ideas are often confusing. But this man was this other tree with his style of a grid, with a beautiful conquered mm, is striking; Ding, our patron saint, the main basketball team, seek out the dark since he abandoned playing soccer after the change can be brought into full play, with the heroic courage of style and unafraid of death, as the other insurmountable barriers. peacetime, is authoritative, he spoke with who but myself domineering, always the leader of the crowd. Finally, the big appearance. (read and write articles should I put him in the final) birds Yin, who claimed the best defender Zhongkai our Dinghaishenzhen, play aggressive and out of feet decisively, with man guards the pass to open the momentum million Fumo, but unresponsive turn (the legend is too much meat causes the body to the waist wriggling falling too much friction.) life he was not playing so decisive, in particular, face of emotional problems, secluded soft indecisive, there love is not expressed. feelings outside, who is relatively unconstrained, diligence and decisive, strong communication skills, a wide circle of friends, but I suspect there are many men and women of ambiguous relations, to be confirmation. In addition, this person or the provision of wine suitable candidates. As I Well, hee hee, we all know, I do not pull this one's incompetence.
this purely personal point of view, if not match, please forgive me.
Luckily, I was one of them.
blink of an eye, the years passed, Wong added that piece of grass (rain can call ponds) and how much football left to fight and we are excited heroic, but also It is this court, brought us how many sleepless nights after the game. because of football, we have established a friendship, but also because of football, give us the opportunity to understand others.
each person has his style of play, features, and the court style of play is a true portrayal of his personality: Zhong Bo, technology amazing realistic fake, with that measure He also looks handsome with young women often have captivated fans; birds Jie, fast, Chung Kai's Ryan Giggs, shooting skill unmatched the world, close the mouths fatal. peacetime he spoke never clear-cut, and his curse technology Shooting less the same, point to close the mouths vital, and must unflinchingly; Assen, dribbling effort well, play ball master ZHONGKAI nobody can match, but excruciatingly slow, the game likes to trample on the ball for contemplation, when he wants the ball is also a good time disappeared. life, he often hesitated, both big and small bad and the good, the total can not decide, go a long way to where I go where the people, the people Xingsha I the means to follow Xingsha. Wei Bin, game poorly, usually when playing strong, weak competition, every game is always tight, causing play to disorder, the person usually lives may be low-key, deliberately concealed strength, not somewhere, The real reason to know. A Church, also known as the king of step Q, by definition, has a habit of riding a Q syndrome, and his step to consummate Q technology has been the point, the most painful , he's riding with the unpredictable nature of Q, no one can predict when he will step Q when his opponent a beautiful assists. Usually he is very casual life style, pulling messy messy, is a typical do not care who ideas are often confusing. But this man was this other tree with his style of a grid, with a beautiful conquered mm, is striking; Ding, our patron saint, the main basketball team, seek out the dark since he abandoned playing soccer after the change can be brought into full play, with the heroic courage of style and unafraid of death, as the other insurmountable barriers. peacetime, is authoritative, he spoke with who but myself domineering, always the leader of the crowd. Finally, the big appearance. (read and write articles should I put him in the final) birds Yin, who claimed the best defender Zhongkai our Dinghaishenzhen, play aggressive and out of feet decisively, with man guards the pass to open the momentum million Fumo, but unresponsive turn (the legend is too much meat causes the body to the waist wriggling falling too much friction.) life he was not playing so decisive, in particular, face of emotional problems, secluded soft indecisive, there love is not expressed. feelings outside, who is relatively unconstrained, diligence and decisive, strong communication skills, a wide circle of friends, but I suspect there are many men and women of ambiguous relations, to be confirmation. In addition, this person or the provision of wine suitable candidates. As I Well, hee hee, we all know, I do not pull this one's incompetence.
this purely personal point of view, if not match, please forgive me.
Monday, May 2, 2011
I am nature 's greatest miracle
I am nature's greatest miracle.
since God created the heavens and the earth there has been no one like me, my mind, heart, eyes, ears, hands, hair, my mouth. I have exactly the same behaviors and who have not previously, does not, there will be no future. While the men are brothers, but different from each. I am a unique creature.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I can not as easily satisfied as the animal, my heart burns a flame, it inspired me to go beyond myself, I will cause the flame of a more prosperous group, announced to the world my uniqueness.
no one can imitate my handwriting, my trademark, my work, my ability to sell. From now on, I make the full development of his personality, because this is a big success I capital.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I'm not vain to imitate others, and to show their personality. I not only want to promote it, the market place. I want to learn to the same differences, stressed that he distinguishes, avoiding continuity common to all people, and apply this principle to the goods. Salesman and goods, different from all others, I am proud of it.
I am a unique miracle.
rare. Teli me alone, and thus worth a hundred times. I am the end product of thousands of years of evolution, the mind and body than all the emperors and wise men.
However, my art, my mind, my soul, my body, if not put to good use, as time will stagnate, rot, or even death. I have endless potential, mental, physical little development, can more than any previous achievement. Starting today, I'm going to develop potential.
I will not be complacent because of the results yesterday, is no longer negligible performance boast. I can do better than has been completed. I like the miracle of birth is not the final, why they can not do another miracle?
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I am not on this earth. I am here for a mountain, not worthless. From now on, I want to make every effort to become the peaks of the amount will be my potential to the maximum.
my knowledge of mankind, myself, and the goods, so as to multiply sales. I have to weigh every word, repeated scrutiny when the language used to sell, because it is the key to a successful career. I will not forget that many successful businessmen, with only one rhetoric, delivered with excellence. I also continue to improve their manners and grace, because it is the virtue to attract others.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I will concentrate my challenge of the moment, my actions will make me forget everything, let the family now faces. Are in shopping malls, not love at home, otherwise it will make my thoughts mixed blunt. On the other hand, when my family and with the Department, we must have to work at the door, otherwise the family would feel left out.
no one belonging to the family shopping place, and similarly, did not talk about business at home where the two must be completely separate, otherwise you will trade-off, it is difficult to get out of the misunderstanding that many people .
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I have eyes to see; my mind to think. Now I know a great secret of life. I found all my problems, depression, sadness, are great opportunities in disguise. I will not be deceived by their appearance, I have opened my eyes, see through their disguise.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
animals and birds, flowers and trees, wind and rain rocks, rivers and lakes, are not the origin like me, I conceived in love, a mission for us. In the past I ignored the fact that, from now on, it will shape my character, and guide my life.
I am nature's greatest miracle
nature knows not defeat, the victor finally appears, so will I, because success once struggle becomes less difficult.
I will win, I will become a great salesman, because I am unique.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
since God created the heavens and the earth there has been no one like me, my mind, heart, eyes, ears, hands, hair, my mouth. I have exactly the same behaviors and who have not previously, does not, there will be no future. While the men are brothers, but different from each. I am a unique creature.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I can not as easily satisfied as the animal, my heart burns a flame, it inspired me to go beyond myself, I will cause the flame of a more prosperous group, announced to the world my uniqueness.
no one can imitate my handwriting, my trademark, my work, my ability to sell. From now on, I make the full development of his personality, because this is a big success I capital.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I'm not vain to imitate others, and to show their personality. I not only want to promote it, the market place. I want to learn to the same differences, stressed that he distinguishes, avoiding continuity common to all people, and apply this principle to the goods. Salesman and goods, different from all others, I am proud of it.
I am a unique miracle.
rare. Teli me alone, and thus worth a hundred times. I am the end product of thousands of years of evolution, the mind and body than all the emperors and wise men.
However, my art, my mind, my soul, my body, if not put to good use, as time will stagnate, rot, or even death. I have endless potential, mental, physical little development, can more than any previous achievement. Starting today, I'm going to develop potential.
I will not be complacent because of the results yesterday, is no longer negligible performance boast. I can do better than has been completed. I like the miracle of birth is not the final, why they can not do another miracle?
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I am not on this earth. I am here for a mountain, not worthless. From now on, I want to make every effort to become the peaks of the amount will be my potential to the maximum.
my knowledge of mankind, myself, and the goods, so as to multiply sales. I have to weigh every word, repeated scrutiny when the language used to sell, because it is the key to a successful career. I will not forget that many successful businessmen, with only one rhetoric, delivered with excellence. I also continue to improve their manners and grace, because it is the virtue to attract others.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I will concentrate my challenge of the moment, my actions will make me forget everything, let the family now faces. Are in shopping malls, not love at home, otherwise it will make my thoughts mixed blunt. On the other hand, when my family and with the Department, we must have to work at the door, otherwise the family would feel left out.
no one belonging to the family shopping place, and similarly, did not talk about business at home where the two must be completely separate, otherwise you will trade-off, it is difficult to get out of the misunderstanding that many people .
I am nature's greatest miracle.
I have eyes to see; my mind to think. Now I know a great secret of life. I found all my problems, depression, sadness, are great opportunities in disguise. I will not be deceived by their appearance, I have opened my eyes, see through their disguise.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
animals and birds, flowers and trees, wind and rain rocks, rivers and lakes, are not the origin like me, I conceived in love, a mission for us. In the past I ignored the fact that, from now on, it will shape my character, and guide my life.
I am nature's greatest miracle
nature knows not defeat, the victor finally appears, so will I, because success once struggle becomes less difficult.
I will win, I will become a great salesman, because I am unique.
I am nature's greatest miracle.
KOYO KOYO SN series PLC communication with Danfoss DANFOSS example of the drive
occasions in the industrial automation, programmable logic controller and drive more and more widely, the traditional control method is generally used PLC's digital input and output terminals to drive the input and output terminals, PLC analog input and output point control inverter analog input and output, this approach is actually taking up valuable PLC input and output points, in particular, analog interface, the fee is costly (PLC output point 30-50 dollars / points, analog output 300 -500 yuan / Road). With the development of PLC and inverter, in particular, the expansion of communications capacity, the drive comes with the current general communication interface 485, while the PLC communication function has also been considerable development, so consider using PLC and inverter directly through communication connected, should be a more economical method. The question is: a large number of drive manufacturers, due to technical and market reasons, the communication protocol varied, poor compatibility with each other. For this situation, Japan's Koyo Electronics (KOYO) with The so-called absence of agreement, which is free agreement, the agreement of the format defined by the user, so users can organize data protocol format the drive to realize the communication with the drive. SN series Koyo Electronics PLC, is a small integrated scalable PLC, a powerful communication features, the basic configuration has two communication interfaces (one RS232, one RS485), in addition to support communication without protocol, but also supports MODBUS protocol, CCM agreement, K agreement. This paper introduces the non-protocol communications.
SN Communication Function:
SN series PLC communication ports with 2 body, one for RS-232C port, and the other for the RS485 port can be used with a variety of equipment with a serial port communication.
communication functions of the communications port as follows:
Port0 (programming port):
communication: RS-232C
communication speed: 300bps ~ 38.4Kbps
connection: 6 pin telephone jack
support agreement: K protocol (S), no agreement (M / S), CCM2 (S)
transmission distance: hand-held programmer (9600bps, 38400bps) 1.5m or less
DirectSOFT (9600bps) 5m or less
no agreement, CCM (9600bps) 15m or less
Port1 (Universal communication port):
communication: RS-485
communication speed: 300bps ~ 38.4Kbps
connection: 3P Terminal
support agreement: CCM2 (M / S), CCM3 (M / S), no agreement (M / S), K protocol (S)
transmission distance: 9600bps and a maximum 1km
(19200bps or more, the maximum 500m)
no agreement that:
communication protocol to be no need to set the parameters of the following table:
setting item
initial settings
, range
protocol
no protocol communication
-
communication
X-ON/X-OFF Invalid RTS signal control is invalid
X-ON/X-OFF invalid / valid RTS signal control ineffective / effective
communication speed
9600bps
300/600/1200/2400/4800/9600/19200/38400bps
data bit
8bit
7bit/8bit
START-digit
1bit
fixed
STOP bits
1bit
1bit/2bit
parity
no parity
odd (ODD) / even (EVEN) / No (NONE)
end time set by the letter
3 character time
3 character time
RTS ON Delay
0ms
0/2/5/10/20/50/100/500ms
RTS OFF Delay
0ms
0/2/5/10/20/50/100/500ms
PORT0 register number
PORT1 register number
function
data
R7640
R7650
finished code is stored settings
A55A (H): Fixed
R7641
R7651
data format
data length, stop bit length, parity
R7642
R7652
transceiver mode settings
A type, B type, variable-format
R7643
R7653
end of the code set
prepared to receive over code, for example: CR (0DH)
R7644
R7654
prepared to receive the data storage register
register number (binary)
R7645
R7655
protocol settings
K protocol / CCM / MODBUS / no agreement
R7646
R7656
communication speed, response delay time
300/600/1200/2400/4800/9600/19200/38400bps
R7657
set over code
set over code 0050/00A0/00E0 (PORT0) 0500/0A00/0E00 (PORT1)
Set the following parameters register:
reference to the specific parameters set Koyo Electronics (Wuxi) Co., Ltd.
communication routines:
following procedure for the SN series PLC and drive communication DANFOSS example
PLC 05
ISG S0 / / initial level: Set the communication parameters
LD SP0
LDS K10
OUTW R7655 / / select no agreement
LDS K55
OUTW R7656 / / set the baud rate to 9600, the response delay 50mS
LDS K500
OUTW R7657 / / set the end code
LDS K6
OUTW R7651 / / select the data format for the 8,1, EVEN
LDS K70
OUTW R7652 / / transceiver mode: Variable format
LDS K0
OUTW R7653 / / end of code: D? 0 & D
LDR O4000
OUTW R7654 / / receive data starting register: R4000
LDS Ka55a
OUTW R7650 / / set the finished code
LDS K0
OUTW R4000 ; / / Clear receive data register
JMP S1
SG S1 / / write the data-level operating frequency to send
LDN SP116
LDC Ke0020e02 / / Inverter Board number: 2
OUTD R2000 / / inverter parameter No.: 215
LDC Kd7
OUTD R2002
LDW R3000 / / R3000 deposit register write operation frequency
ANDC Kff00
OUTW R2004
LDW R3000
ANDC Kff
OUTW R2005
LDS K0
OUTW R2006
LDW R2000 / / calculated checksum
XORW R2001
XORW R2002
XORW R2003
XORW R2004
XORW R2005
XORW R2006
OUTW R2030
LDW R2030
ANDC Kff
OUTW R2031
LDW R2030
ANDC Kff00
SHFR K8
OUTW R2032
LDW R2031
XORW R2032
ANDC Kff
SHFL K8
OUTW R2007 / / checksum storage register
LDS Kf101 / / use PORT1 communication port to send
LDS K16 / / send 16 bytes of data
LDR O2000 / / data to be transmitted starting register for the R2000
WX TA0 / / send data
JMP S11
SG S11 / / data reception class
LDEQ R4000 K80 / / receive data, such as the right to carry out data processing
LDW R4006
ANDC Kff00
OUTW R4030
LDW R4007
ANDC Kff
ORW R4030
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
SHFR K8
OUTW R2032
LDW R2031
XORW R2032
ANDC Kff
SHFL K8
OUTW R2007
LDS Kf101 / / send data using RPORT1
LDS K16 / / send the bytes as 16
LDR O2000 / / send the starting register for the R2000
WX TA0 / / send data
JMP S12 / / transfer data reception
SG S12
LDEQ R4000 K80
ANDEQ R4001 K10 / / receives the correct data, data processing
LDW R4006
ANDC Kff00
OUTW R4030
LDW R4007
ANDC Kff
ORW R4030
OUTW R3202 / / read out the current operating frequency of storage registers R3202
LDS K0
OUTW R4000
JMP S1
LD SP1
TMR T1 K4 / / Delay 400mS
LD T1
LDNEQ R4000 K80
ANDNEQ R4001 K0
ORLD
LDS K0
OUTW R4000 / / If you can not receive data correctly, the next communication
JMP S1
END / / end of the process
NOP
application:
programming ideas based on the above method, just change the drive to send the program parameter address, you can control other parameters of the drive (inverter parameters can be changed through communication.) Jump slightly modified procedure, you can control multiple parameters. When using more than one drive, just the drive is set to a different mailing address on it. This method has been drawing machinery, textile machinery (dyeing and finishing equipment, sizing machine) and other equipment has been applied not only to save the PLC analog module, but also solve the analog input channels drive limit, not both changes in multiple parameters of the problem, cost is obvious. Note that, PLC and inverter need to use shielded twisted-pair connections, and reliable ground to address the electrical interference may cause communication failure.
Reference:
SN Series User Manual
DANFOSS VLT5000 Series User Manual
DANFOSS Communications Handbook
SN Communication Function:
SN series PLC communication ports with 2 body, one for RS-232C port, and the other for the RS485 port can be used with a variety of equipment with a serial port communication.
communication functions of the communications port as follows:
Port0 (programming port):
communication: RS-232C
communication speed: 300bps ~ 38.4Kbps
connection: 6 pin telephone jack
support agreement: K protocol (S), no agreement (M / S), CCM2 (S)
transmission distance: hand-held programmer (9600bps, 38400bps) 1.5m or less
DirectSOFT (9600bps) 5m or less
no agreement, CCM (9600bps) 15m or less
Port1 (Universal communication port):
communication: RS-485
communication speed: 300bps ~ 38.4Kbps
connection: 3P Terminal
support agreement: CCM2 (M / S), CCM3 (M / S), no agreement (M / S), K protocol (S)
transmission distance: 9600bps and a maximum 1km
(19200bps or more, the maximum 500m)
no agreement that:
communication protocol to be no need to set the parameters of the following table:
setting item
initial settings
, range
protocol
no protocol communication
-
communication
X-ON/X-OFF Invalid RTS signal control is invalid
X-ON/X-OFF invalid / valid RTS signal control ineffective / effective
communication speed
9600bps
300/600/1200/2400/4800/9600/19200/38400bps
data bit
8bit
7bit/8bit
START-digit
1bit
fixed
STOP bits
1bit
1bit/2bit
parity
no parity
odd (ODD) / even (EVEN) / No (NONE)
end time set by the letter
3 character time
3 character time
RTS ON Delay
0ms
0/2/5/10/20/50/100/500ms
RTS OFF Delay
0ms
0/2/5/10/20/50/100/500ms
PORT0 register number
PORT1 register number
function
data
R7640
R7650
finished code is stored settings
A55A (H): Fixed
R7641
R7651
data format
data length, stop bit length, parity
R7642
R7652
transceiver mode settings
A type, B type, variable-format
R7643
R7653
end of the code set
prepared to receive over code, for example: CR (0DH)
R7644
R7654
prepared to receive the data storage register
register number (binary)
R7645
R7655
protocol settings
K protocol / CCM / MODBUS / no agreement
R7646
R7656
communication speed, response delay time
300/600/1200/2400/4800/9600/19200/38400bps
R7657
set over code
set over code 0050/00A0/00E0 (PORT0) 0500/0A00/0E00 (PORT1)
Set the following parameters register:
reference to the specific parameters set Koyo Electronics (Wuxi) Co., Ltd.
communication routines:
following procedure for the SN series PLC and drive communication DANFOSS example
PLC 05
ISG S0 / / initial level: Set the communication parameters
LD SP0
LDS K10
OUTW R7655 / / select no agreement
LDS K55
OUTW R7656 / / set the baud rate to 9600, the response delay 50mS
LDS K500
OUTW R7657 / / set the end code
LDS K6
OUTW R7651 / / select the data format for the 8,1, EVEN
LDS K70
OUTW R7652 / / transceiver mode: Variable format
LDS K0
OUTW R7653 / / end of code: D? 0 & D
LDR O4000
OUTW R7654 / / receive data starting register: R4000
LDS Ka55a
OUTW R7650 / / set the finished code
LDS K0
OUTW R4000 ; / / Clear receive data register
JMP S1
SG S1 / / write the data-level operating frequency to send
LDN SP116
LDC Ke0020e02 / / Inverter Board number: 2
OUTD R2000 / / inverter parameter No.: 215
LDC Kd7
OUTD R2002
LDW R3000 / / R3000 deposit register write operation frequency
ANDC Kff00
OUTW R2004
LDW R3000
ANDC Kff
OUTW R2005
LDS K0
OUTW R2006
LDW R2000 / / calculated checksum
XORW R2001
XORW R2002
XORW R2003
XORW R2004
XORW R2005
XORW R2006
OUTW R2030
LDW R2030
ANDC Kff
OUTW R2031
LDW R2030
ANDC Kff00
SHFR K8
OUTW R2032
LDW R2031
XORW R2032
ANDC Kff
SHFL K8
OUTW R2007 / / checksum storage register
LDS Kf101 / / use PORT1 communication port to send
LDS K16 / / send 16 bytes of data
LDR O2000 / / data to be transmitted starting register for the R2000
WX TA0 / / send data
JMP S11
SG S11 / / data reception class
LDEQ R4000 K80 / / receive data, such as the right to carry out data processing
LDW R4006
ANDC Kff00
OUTW R4030
LDW R4007
ANDC Kff
ORW R4030
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
SHFR K8
OUTW R2032
LDW R2031
XORW R2032
ANDC Kff
SHFL K8
OUTW R2007
LDS Kf101 / / send data using RPORT1
LDS K16 / / send the bytes as 16
LDR O2000 / / send the starting register for the R2000
WX TA0 / / send data
JMP S12 / / transfer data reception
SG S12
LDEQ R4000 K80
ANDEQ R4001 K10 / / receives the correct data, data processing
LDW R4006
ANDC Kff00
OUTW R4030
LDW R4007
ANDC Kff
ORW R4030
OUTW R3202 / / read out the current operating frequency of storage registers R3202
LDS K0
OUTW R4000
JMP S1
LD SP1
TMR T1 K4 / / Delay 400mS
LD T1
LDNEQ R4000 K80
ANDNEQ R4001 K0
ORLD
LDS K0
OUTW R4000 / / If you can not receive data correctly, the next communication
JMP S1
END / / end of the process
NOP
application:
programming ideas based on the above method, just change the drive to send the program parameter address, you can control other parameters of the drive (inverter parameters can be changed through communication.) Jump slightly modified procedure, you can control multiple parameters. When using more than one drive, just the drive is set to a different mailing address on it. This method has been drawing machinery, textile machinery (dyeing and finishing equipment, sizing machine) and other equipment has been applied not only to save the PLC analog module, but also solve the analog input channels drive limit, not both changes in multiple parameters of the problem, cost is obvious. Note that, PLC and inverter need to use shielded twisted-pair connections, and reliable ground to address the electrical interference may cause communication failure.
Reference:
SN Series User Manual
DANFOSS VLT5000 Series User Manual
DANFOSS Communications Handbook
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www.gtcar.net welcome to join the Friends welcomed the good body shot , and more overseas people to join, welcome friends to join.
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